# Instruction Decode and Execute¶

Figure 4 Instruction Decode and Execute

The Instruction Decode and Execute stage takes instruction data from the instruction fetch stage (which has been converted to the uncompressed representation in the compressed instruction case). The instructions are decoded and executed all within one cycle including the register read and write. The stage is made up of multiple sub-blocks which are described below.

## Instruction Decode Block (ID)¶

Source File: rtl/ibex_id_stage.sv

The Instruction Decode (ID) controls the overall decode/execution process. It contains the muxes to choose what is sent to the ALU inputs and where the write data for the register file comes from. A small state machine is used to control multi-cycle instructions (see Ibex Pipeline for more details), which stalls the whole stage whilst a multi-cycle instruction is executing.

## Controller¶

Source File: rtl/ibex_controller.sv

The Controller contains the state machine that controls the overall execution of the processor. It is responsible for:

• Handling core startup from reset

• Setting the PC for the IF stage on jump/branch

• Dealing with exceptions/interrupts (jump to appropriate PC, set relevant CSR values)

• Controlling sleep/wakeup on WFI

• Debugging control

## Decoder¶

Source File: rtl/ibex_decoder.sv

The decoder takes uncompressed instruction data and issues appropriate control signals to the other blocks to execute the instruction.

## Register File¶

Source Files: rtl/ibex_register_file_ff.sv rtl/ibex_register_file_fpga.sv rtl/ibex_register_file_latch.sv

See Register File for more details.

## Execute Block¶

Source File: rtl/ibex_ex_block.sv

The execute block contains the ALU and the multiplier/divider blocks, it does little beyond wiring and instantiating these blocks.

## Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)¶

Source File: rtl/ibex_alu.sv

The Arithmetic Logic Logic (ALU) is a purely combinational block that implements operations required for the Integer Computational Instructions and the comparison operations required for the Control Transfer Instructions in the RV32I RISC-V Specification. Other blocks use the ALU for the following tasks:

• Mult/Div uses it to perform addition as part of the multiplication and division algorithms

• It computes branch targets with a PC + Imm calculation

• It computes memory addresses for loads and stores with a Reg + Imm calculation

• The LSU uses it to increment addresses when performing two accesses to handle an unaligned access

Bit Manipulation Extension

Support for the RISC-V Bit Manipulation Extension (draft version 0.92 from November 8, 2019) is optional. 1 It can be enabled via the enumerated parameter RV32B defined in rtl/ibex_pkg.sv. By default, this parameter is set to “ibex_pkg::RV32BNone” to disable the bit manipulation extension.

There are two versions of the bit manipulation extension available: The balanced implementation comprises a set of sub-extensions aiming for good benefits at a reasonable area overhead. It can be selected by setting the RV32B parameter to “ibex_pkg::RV32BBalanced”. The full implementation comprises all 32 bit instructions defined in the extension. This version can be selected by setting the RV32B parameter to “ibex_pkg::RV32BFull”. The following table lists the implemented instructions in each version. Multi-cycle instructions are completed in 2 cycles. All remaining instructions complete in a single cycle.

Z-Extension

Version

Multi-Cycle Instructions

Zbb (Base)

Balanced/Full

rol, ror[i]

Zbs (Single-bit)

Balanced/Full

None

Zbp (Permutation)

Full

None

Zbe (Bit extract/deposit)

Full

All

Zbf (Bit-field place)

Balanced/Full

All

Zbc (Carry-less multiply)

Full

None

Zbr (CRC)

Full

All

Zbt (Ternary)

Balanced/Full

All

Zb_tmp (Temporary) 2

Balanced/Full

None

The implementation of the B-extension comes with an area overhead of 1.8 to 3.0 kGE for the balanced version and 6.0 to 8.7 kGE for the full version. That corresponds to an approximate percentage increase in area of 9 to 14 % and 25 to 30 % for the balanced and full versions respectively. The ranges correspond to synthesis results generated using relaxed and maximum frequency targets respectively. The designs have been synthesized using Synopsys Design Compiler targeting TSMC 65 nm technology.

## Multiplier/Divider Block (MULT/DIV)¶

Source Files: rtl/ibex_multdiv_slow.sv rtl/ibex_multdiv_fast.sv

The Multiplier/Divider (MULT/DIV) is a state machine driven block to perform multiplication and division. The fast and slow versions differ in multiplier only. All versions implement the same form of long division algorithm. The ALU block is used by the long division algorithm in all versions.

Multiplier

The multiplier can be implemented in three variants controlled via the enumerated parameter RV32M defined in rtl/ibex_pkg.sv.

Single-Cycle Multiplier

This implementation is chosen by setting the RV32M parameter to “ibex_pkg::RV32MSingleCycle”. The single-cycle multiplier makes use of three parallel multiplier units, designed to be mapped to hardware multiplier primitives on FPGAs. It is therefore the first choice for FPGA synthesis.

• Using three parallel 17-bit x 17-bit multiplication units and a 34-bit accumulator, it completes a MUL instruction in 1 cycle. MULH is completed in 2 cycles.

• This MAC is internal to the mult/div block (no external ALU use).

• Beware it is simply implemented with the * and + operators so results heavily depend upon the synthesis tool used.

• ASIC synthesis has not yet been tested but is expected to consume 3-4x the area of the fast multiplier for ASIC.

Fast Multi-Cycle Multiplier

This implementation is chosen by setting the RV32M parameter to “ibex_pkg::RV32MFast”. The fast multi-cycle multiplier provides a reasonable trade-off between area and performance. It is the first choice for ASIC synthesis.

• Completes multiply in 3-4 cycles using a MAC (multiply accumulate) which is capable of a 17-bit x 17-bit multiplication with a 34-bit accumulator.

• A MUL instruction takes 3 cycles, MULH takes 4.

• This MAC is internal to the mult/div block (no external ALU use).

• Beware it is simply implemented with the * and + operators so results heavily depend upon the synthesis tool used.

• In some cases it may be desirable to replace this with a specific implementation such as an explicit gate level implementation.

Slow Multi-Cycle Multiplier

To select the slow multi-cycle multiplier, set the RV32M parameter to “ibex_pkg::RV32MSlow”.

• Completes multiply in clog2(op_b) + 1 cycles (for MUL) or 33 cycles (for MULH) using a Baugh-Wooley multiplier.

• The ALU block is used to compute additions.

Divider

Both the fast and slow blocks use the same long division algorithm, it takes 37 cycles to compute (though only requires 2 cycles when there is a divide by 0) and proceeds as follows:

By setting the RV32M parameter to “ibex_pkg::RV32MNone”, the M-extension can be disabled completely.

## Control and Status Register Block (CSR)¶

Source File: rtl/ibex_cs_registers.sv

The CSR contains all of the CSRs (control/status registers). Any CSR read/write is handled through this block. Performance counters are held in this block and incremented when appropriate (this includes mcycle and minstret). Read data from a CSR is available the same cycle it is requested. Further detail on the implemented CSRs can be found in Control and Status Registers

## Load-Store Unit (LSU)¶

Source File: rtl/ibex_load_store_unit.sv

The Load-Store Unit (LSU) interfaces with main memory to perform load and store operations. See Load-Store Unit for more details.

Footnotes

1

Ibex fully implements draft version 0.92 of the RISC-V Bit Manipulation Extension. This extension may change before being ratified as a standard by the RISC-V Foundation. Ibex will be updated to match future versions of the specification. Prior to ratification this may involve backwards incompatible changes. Additionally, neither GCC or Clang have committed to maintaining support upstream for unratified versions of the specification.

2

The sign-extend instructions sext.b/sext.h are defined but not unambiguously categorized in draft version 0.92 of the extension. Temporarily, they have been assigned a separate Z-extension (Zb_tmp) both in Ibex and the RISCV-DV random instruction generator used to verify the bit manipulation instructions in Ibex.